CMIP6 Historical Simulations (1850–2014) With GISS?E2.1

Simulations of the CMIP6 historical period 1850–2014, characterized by emergence anthropogenic climate drivers like greenhouse gases, are presented for different configurations NASA Goddard Institute Space Studies (GISS) Earth System ModelE2.1. The GISS-E2.1 ensembles more sensitive to gas forcing than their CMIP5 predecessors (GISS-E2) but warm less during recent decades due a reduction that is attributed greater longwave opacity in pre-industrial simulations. This results an atmosphere increases from rising concentrations, demonstrating importance base climatology and forced trends. Most model versions match observed temperature trends since 1979 ocean stratosphere. choice important transient response, as found previously GISS-E2: efficiently exports heat deep shows smaller rise tropospheric temperature. Model sea level over traced excessive drawdown aquifers meet irrigation demand with contribution thermal expansion. how fully coupled models can provide indirect observational constraints upon forcing, this case, constraining rates changes. overall agreement familiar evaluation its predecessors, conclusion these almost entirely origin.